<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Article Tag Suite 1.1//EN"
  "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
         xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
         article-type="Research Paper"
         xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>The Intellecta International Journal of Research and Innovation</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">IIJRI</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Deshpande Madhuri Madhukar</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IIJRI110005</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>PROTOCOL-STRATIFIED ANOMALY DETECTION OF TCP, UDP AND ICMP ATTACKS WITH A LINEAR-ATTENTION TRANSFORMER: EVIDENCE FROM NSL-KDD AND UNSW-NB15</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Archana</surname>
            <given-names>Dr.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">Department of Computer Science Mumbai, MH India</aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-10-10">
        <month>10</month>
        <day>10</day>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>1</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>45</fpage>
      <lpage>61</lpage>
      <abstract>
        <p>In general, studies of intrusion detection report only one accuracy or F1 score calculated on the entire test set. Since TCP, UDP
and ICMP toxicate attack traf ic in very dif erent ratios, an average such a figure overprofiles problems of varying dif iculty and
may mask a detector that collapses on a complete protocol. We introduce a protocol-aware anomaly detector, based on the
Linformer, a variation of transformer that scales its attention cost linearly with the input length, and we rank it on each protocol
on two benchmark corpora. On NSL-KDD (148,517 records) and UNSW-NB15 (215,757 records after protocol filtering), six
experiments are done on a fully crossed design comparing the Linformer with a Decision Tree and a random forest that has
72,856 held-out records. On NSL-KDD the Linformer reached an accuracy of 0.9823, an F1-score of 0.9816 and an AUC-ROC of
0.9987; on UNSW-NB15 the corresponding values were 0.9231, 0.9344 and 0.9832. Breaking down the results according to
protocol revealed a bug that the cumulative figures disguised: only 3.61 percent of the ICMP attacks were identified by the
Random Forest, which has a cumulative accuracy of 0.8784 on NSL-KDD, compared to 99.30 percent by the Linformer. The
protocol subsets (among five that are assessable) F1 increased with attack prevalence (Pearson = 0.7773), indicating that a direct
solution is per-protocol threshold calibration. Extrapolating the measured error rates onto the prevalence values determined that
accuracy reduces to 0.3415 at 1% attack traf ic, indicating the detector should not be used as a blocker, despite the fact that at
0.9793, the prevalence matches the benchmark prevalence criterion.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
        <kwd>Anomaly detection</kwd>
        <kwd>Intrusion detection system</kwd>
        <kwd>Linformer</kwd>
        <kwd>Protocol-stratified evaluation</kwd>
        <kwd>NSL-KDD</kwd>
        <kwd>UNSW-NB15</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <!-- Full article body not available in metadata-only JATS export. See PDF/HTML galley. -->
  </body>
  <back/>
</article>
