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         article-type="Research Paper"
         xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>The Intellecta International Journal of Research and Innovation</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">IIJRI</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Deshpande Madhuri Madhukar</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IIJRI110001</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>MULTI-SENSOR MULTI-SENSOR GEO-SPATIAL DEEP LEARNING MODEL (MS-GDLM) FOR AUTOMATED GLACIAL LAKE MAPPING AND GLOF SUSCEPTIBILITY FORECASTING IN HIGH MOUNTAIN ASIA</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dahiya</surname>
            <given-names>Pankaj</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Munesh Kumar</surname>
            <given-names>Dr.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">Department of Civil Engineering Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan , India</aff>
      <aff id="aff2">Department of Civil Engineering Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University</aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-10-01">
        <month>10</month>
        <day>01</day>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>1</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>14</lpage>
      <abstract>
        <p>Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in high mountain Asia (HMA) contains large-scale hazards which threaten downstream
populations, infrastructure and ecosystems. Current automated self-supervised glacial lake mapping methods mainly rely on
single-sensor data or visual interpretation, which result in boundary inaccuracies and the dif iculty of hazard dif erentiation. We
present the Multi-Sensor Multi-Sensor Geo-Spatial Deep Learning Model (MS-GDLM) (MS-GFM): a joint encoder-decoder model
which learns from Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical Sentinel-2/Landsat imagery, Copernicus DEM terrain
variables, and glacier inventory data. The model utilizes a multi-task head for performing pixel-wise lake facet segmentation and
GLOF susceptibility prediction in parallel. The observations described include a well characterized synthetic dataset of 320 glacial
lakes across eight HMA subregions—Karakoram, Hindu Kush, Western and Eastern Himalayas, Tibetan Plateau, Pamir, Tian Shan
and Hengduan—over years 2008-2017 with an associated set of 35 spectral, terrain, morphometric and temporal features.
Experimental evaluation shows a mean Intersection-over-Union (IoU) of 0.82, Dice/F1 score of 0.90, general classification accuracy
of 66.25% and an ROC-AUC of 0.90 in predicting susceptibility detection. Random Forest analysis with a baseline detects that glacier
retreat rate, dam slope, and lake area are among the most influential predictors of GLOF. The proposed MS-GFM is able to perform
well with good generalization across regions, and outperforms all single-sensor benchmarks by a considerable margin.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
        <kwd>Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF)</kwd>
        <kwd>High Mountain Asia (HMA)</kwd>
        <kwd>Sentinel-1 SAR</kwd>
        <kwd>deep learning</kwd>
        <kwd>lake segmentation</kwd>
        <kwd>multi-task learning</kwd>
        <kwd>susceptibility forecasting</kwd>
        <kwd>remote sensing</kwd>
        <kwd>Multi-Sensor Geo-Spatial Deep Learning Model
(MS-GDLM).</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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